![]() He graduated from the university as a Bachelor of Arts and licentiate in 1953 and, three years later, completed his doctoral thesis, which examined social relations in the Turku dockyards. In 1951, he quit work at the port of Turku, after which he worked for two years as a primary school teacher. He was then admitted to the University of Turku, where he studied sociology, economics, political sciences and education. Language skills improved in summer jobs in Sweden and Britain. Talented and hard-working Koivisto took evening classes and passed his matriculation examination in 1949 while working at ports and construction sites. According to Puumies, “the communists are the greatest threat to our liberty and independence.” At the time of the so-called Leino strikes, Koivisto wrote: “There is no compromise between democracy and dictatorship, peace and terror.” He also participated in breaking the illegal political strike organised by the communists at the port of Hanko in 1949. In that same year, he started writing columns under the pseudonym “Puumies” in the Sosialisti newspaper (later, Turun Päivälehti) edited by Rafael Paasio, MP. Koivisto joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1947. During the war, Koivisto was promoted to the rank of corporal. The machine gun is on display at the Military Museum in Helsinki. After the battle of Kuusiniemi, Koivisto was given the Russian Degtyaryov light machine gun as his weapon. ![]() This company carried out counter-strikes and operated behind enemy lines. ![]() He participated in military action in the ranks of the 35th Infantry Regiment in Maaselkä and in a Jäger Company led by Lauri Törni in 1944. Koivisto was seventeen when he volunteered for the Continuation War in 1941, first as a firefighter, then as a soldier. He earned money as a carpenter, as an errand boy at a book store, and as a helper at the Crichton-Vulkan shipyard and at a factory of Suomen Pultti.ĭuring the Winter War Koivisto was in a fire brigade, putting out fires started by Russian incendiary bombs. Mauno attended six classes of primary school before the war and finished his secondary school after the war. The family lived in a small one-bedroom apartment in the centre of Turku. His mother, Hymni Sofia Eskola, died when Mauno was ten. Mauno had an older brother and a younger sister. His father Juho Koivisto was a carpenter, a patriot and a deeply religious man. Mauno Henrik Koivisto was born on 25 November 1923 in Turku. He served as the Managing Director of the Helsinki Workers’ Savings Bank in 1959–1967 and was Chairman of the Bank of Finland’s Board of Directors, i.e. Apart from his political career, he was a labourer, a sociologist and a banker. Koivisto served as President of Finland for two terms, from 1982 to 1994, and twice as Prime Minister, from 1968 to 19 to 1982. Mauno Koivisto, Finnish parliamentarism stabilised and Finland became a member of the European Union. Patriot, supporter of parliamentarism, opener of the EU doorĭuring the presidential term of Dr.
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![]() For a more in-depth look at your options, take a look at our guide to the best pencils. If you're creating a large artwork, bear in mind that a mechanical pencil can slow the drawing process. These offer clean, crisp edges, and are better at maintaining a consistent line. The other main option is a mechanical pencil (see our guide to the best mechanical pencils for drawing). The softer your pencil, the more sharpening you'll need to do. Traditional pencils are great for shading, especially larger areas. Traditional graphite pencils tend to round out quickly, and so need regular sharpening to produce a consistent-sized tip. Then you need to pick the type of pencil. He suggests a 2B or 3B pencil is a good place to start with general pencil drawings. Traditional graphite pencils are available in a scale of hardness from 9H (hard, pale) to 9B (soft, dark), with HB and F sitting the middle of the range. "Typically, the H grades are suited to technical drawing, while B grades are ideal sketching pencils," explains Spicer. Different pencil types are better for different styles of artwork, and you also need to consider the hardness of your lead. The pencil you choose will have a big impact on both the techniques you can use and the look of your find artwork. Vary line thicknessĬhoose between traditional (left) and mechanical pencils (Image credit: Timothy von Reuden) "Don’t aim for precisely accurate proportion, instead aim for an honest process of looking and mark making, without overthinking the drawing," he concludes. You can adapt the exercise by flicking your eye down to the page at regular intervals, and trying to adjust your line style and weight to accurately describe what you see (you're still using one, unbroken line). "Repeat the exercise regularly as a warm up to get your hand working together with your eye," suggests Spicer. ![]() The aim of this is to help you draw confidently and unselfconsciously, and it's a great way to overcome a fear of staring at a blank page. The result will look odd and incorrect, but that's not a problem. "Draw in a single, unbroken line and don’t look back at the drawing until you are finished." Without looking down at the paper, trace your eye around your subject, following its edges and contours, and as you do so, let your pencil follow the same journey on the paper," explains Spicer. ![]() "Set up a subject in front of you and fix your eye on the top of it, placing your pencil on your paper. One common exercise to start out with is blind contour drawing. Then right-handers should work left to right, and lefties move right to left. Essentially you don't want to be resting your hand on areas you've already drawn, which means that unless you have an unusual pencil grip, you want to be working top to bottom. However, planning which area of the composition you work on first can help. Pencils are prone to smudging, and the softer they are, the more difficult it is to keep things clean. "I strongly believe in letting intuition take over in the creation process, so I work with the underdrawing more as a guideline," continues Von Reuden. Either way, make sure this acts as a foundation rather than a strict guide. Alternatively, you could use a digital underdrawing, printed at 1 per cent Opacity. "Having a more fluid foundation helps you see the end result without the intimidating commitment of getting everything perfect," says artist Timothy von Reuden.įor a pencil underdrawing, make sure you use a hard lead (around 2H) to ensure the lines are light and easy to erase. Many artists prefer to start their pencil drawing by laying out the scene with a rough, light underdrawing – this can be especially useful if the end game is a precise line drawing. The underdrawing should be a guide, but use your intuition (Image credit: Timothy von Reuden) |
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